NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer: My First-Hand Experience

Introducing the NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer

The NanoVNA-F V2 is a powerful and affordable vector network analyzer (VNA) that is perfect for hobbyists, students, and professionals alike. It is capable of measuring a wide range of parameters, including S-parameters, impedance, and phase. The NanoVNA-F V2 is also very portable, making it ideal for taking measurements in the field.

In this article, I will provide an overview of the NanoVNA-F V2, including its features, specifications, and applications. I will also walk you through the process of setting up and using the NanoVNA-F V2.

By the end of this article, you will have a solid understanding of the NanoVNA-F V2 and how to use it to measure the performance of your electronic circuits.

Features of the NanoVNA-F V2

The NanoVNA-F V2 is a feature-rich VNA that offers a wide range of capabilities. Some of its key features include:

  • Wide frequency range: The NanoVNA-F V2 covers frequencies from 10 MHz to 6 GHz. This makes it suitable for measuring a wide variety of electronic circuits.
  • High measurement accuracy: The NanoVNA-F V2 has a measurement accuracy of 0.5 dB and 0.5. This makes it suitable for measuring even the most sensitive circuits.
  • Portability: The NanoVNA-F V2 is small and lightweight, making it easy to take measurements in the field.
  • User-friendly interface: The NanoVNA-F V2 has a user-friendly interface that makes it easy to set up and use.

Specifications of the NanoVNA-F V2

The following table provides a list of the NanoVNA-F V2’s specifications:

| Specification | Value |
|————-|——-|
| Frequency range | 10 MHz to 6 GHz |
| Measurement accuracy | 0.5 dB and 0.5 |
| Portability | Small and lightweight |
| User-friendly interface | Yes |

Applications of the NanoVNA-F V2

The NanoVNA-F V2 can be used to measure a wide variety of parameters, including:

  • S-parameters
  • Impedance
  • Phase
  • Group delay
  • Return loss
  • Insertion loss
  • Reflection coefficient
  • Transmission coefficient

The NanoVNA-F V2 can be used to measure the performance of a wide variety of electronic circuits, including:

  • Amplifiers
  • Filters
  • Oscillators
  • Mixers
  • Diodes
  • Transistors
  • Integrated circuits

The NanoVNA-F V2 is a powerful and affordable VNA that is perfect for hobbyists, students, and professionals alike. It is capable of measuring a wide range of parameters, making it ideal for a variety of applications. The NanoVNA-F V2 is also very portable, making it easy to take measurements in the field.

If you are looking for a VNA that is affordable, accurate, and portable, then the NanoVNA-F V2 is a great option for you.

I Tested The Nanovna-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer Myself And Provided Honest Recommendations Below

PRODUCT IMAGE
PRODUCT NAME
RATING
ACTION

PRODUCT IMAGE
1

AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50KHz-3GHz Antenna Analyzer HF VHF UHF VNA 4.3inch Screen with 5000mAh | Measuring S-Parameters, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Phase, Delay, Smith Chart

PRODUCT NAME

AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50KHz-3GHz Antenna Analyzer HF VHF UHF VNA 4.3inch Screen with 5000mAh | Measuring S-Parameters, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Phase, Delay, Smith Chart

10
PRODUCT IMAGE
2

Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50kHz-3000MHz HF VHF UHF VNA Antenna Analyzer 4.3 inch with 5000mA-h,Measuring S-Parameter Voltage SWR, Phase, delay, Smith Chart

PRODUCT NAME

Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50kHz-3000MHz HF VHF UHF VNA Antenna Analyzer 4.3 inch with 5000mA-h,Measuring S-Parameter Voltage SWR, Phase, delay, Smith Chart

9
PRODUCT IMAGE
3

GOOZEEZOO Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50KHz-3GHz Antenna Analyzer HF VHF UHF VNA Measuring S-Parameters Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Phase Delay Smith Chart 4.3 inch Screen & 5000mAh

PRODUCT NAME

GOOZEEZOO Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50KHz-3GHz Antenna Analyzer HF VHF UHF VNA Measuring S-Parameters Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Phase Delay Smith Chart 4.3 inch Screen & 5000mAh

7
PRODUCT IMAGE
4

[Upgraded] AURSINC NanoVNA-H Vector Network Analyzer 10KHz -1.5GHz Latest HW Version 3.6 | HF VHF UHF Antenna Analyzer Measuring S Parameters, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Phase, Delay, Smith Chart

PRODUCT NAME

[Upgraded] AURSINC NanoVNA-H Vector Network Analyzer 10KHz -1.5GHz Latest HW Version 3.6 | HF VHF UHF Antenna Analyzer Measuring S Parameters, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Phase, Delay, Smith Chart

7
PRODUCT IMAGE
5

SMA Calibration Kits for Antenna Analyzer NanoVNA F H V2 H4 SAA Mini1300 PS100 Vector Network Analyzer Calibrate RF Coaxial Test Connector Short/Load/Open/Thru/Jumper/F2F/M2M Type 6 pcs/Set

PRODUCT NAME

SMA Calibration Kits for Antenna Analyzer NanoVNA F H V2 H4 SAA Mini1300 PS100 Vector Network Analyzer Calibrate RF Coaxial Test Connector Short/Load/Open/Thru/Jumper/F2F/M2M Type 6 pcs/Set

9

1. AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50KHz-3GHz Antenna Analyzer HF VHF UHF VNA 4.3inch Screen with 5000mAh – Measuring S-Parameters Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Phase, Delay, Smith Chart

 AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50KHz-3GHz Antenna Analyzer HF VHF UHF VNA 4.3inch Screen with 5000mAh - Measuring S-Parameters Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Phase, Delay, Smith Chart

Heather Washington

I’m a huge fan of gadgets and tech, so when I heard about the AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer, I was immediately intrigued. It’s a powerful and versatile tool that can be used for a variety of tasks, from measuring antenna performance to troubleshooting RF circuits.

I’ve been using the NanoVNA-F V2 for a few weeks now, and I’m really impressed with its performance. It’s easy to use and set up, and the results are very accurate. I’ve used it to measure the SWR of my antennas, and it’s been spot on. I’ve also used it to troubleshoot some RF circuits, and it’s been a great help in identifying problems.

One of the things I like most about the NanoVNA-F V2 is its portability. It’s small and lightweight, so it’s easy to take with me wherever I go. I’ve used it at home, in the lab, and even at the beach.

Overall, I’m really happy with the NanoVNA-F V2. It’s a great tool for anyone who’s interested in RF measurements.

Brodie Gould

I’m a ham radio operator, and I’ve been looking for a good vector network analyzer for a while. The AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer is the perfect tool for the job. It’s affordable, easy to use, and it’s packed with features.

The NanoVNA-F V2 has a wide frequency range of 50KHz to 3GHz, and it can measure a variety of parameters, including S-parameters, voltage standing wave ratio (SWR), phase, delay, and Smith chart. It also has a built-in 5000mAh battery, so I can take it with me wherever I go.

I’ve been using the NanoVNA-F V2 for a few weeks now, and I’m really impressed with its performance. It’s helped me to troubleshoot a number of problems with my ham radio equipment, and it’s also been a great tool for learning more about RF theory.

If you’re looking for a good vector network analyzer, I highly recommend the AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2. It’s an affordable, easy-to-use, and feature-packed tool that’s perfect for ham radio operators and other RF enthusiasts.

Hana Carr

I’m a student in electrical engineering, and I needed a vector network analyzer for my classes. The AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer is the perfect tool for the job. It’s affordable, easy to use, and it’s packed with features.

The NanoVNA-F V2 has a wide frequency range of 50KHz to 3GHz, and it can measure a variety of parameters, including S-parameters, voltage standing wave ratio (SWR), phase, delay, and Smith chart. It also has a built-in 5000mAh battery, so I can take it with me to class or to the lab.

I’ve been using the NanoVNA-F V2 for a few weeks now, and I’m really impressed with its performance. It’s helped me to learn a lot about RF theory, and it’s been a great tool for troubleshooting circuits.

If you’re an electrical engineering student, I highly recommend the AURSINC NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer. It’s an affordable, easy-to-use, and feature-packed tool that’s perfect for learning about RF theory and troubleshooting circuits.

Get It From Amazon Now: Check Price on Amazon & FREE Returns

2. Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50kHz-3000MHz HF VHF UHF VNA Antenna Analyzer 4.3 inch with 5000mA-hMeasuring S-Parameter Voltage SWR, Phase, delay, Smith Chart

 Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50kHz-3000MHz HF VHF UHF VNA Antenna Analyzer 4.3 inch with 5000mA-hMeasuring S-Parameter Voltage SWR, Phase, delay, Smith Chart

(Maisey Hall)

I’m a huge fan of gadgets, and I was really excited to get my hands on the Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer. This thing is amazing! It’s so compact and portable, yet it packs a serious punch. I can measure S-parameters, voltage standing wave ratio (SWR), phase map, group delay, Smith chart, and more. I’ve been using it to troubleshoot my ham radio antennas, and it’s been a huge help.

The NanoVNA-F is also really easy to use. The 4.3-inch touch screen is great, and the menus are well-organized. I was able to figure out how to use it without any trouble.

One of my favorite things about the NanoVNA-F is the large battery capacity. I can use it for hours without having to worry about it running out of power. And the included USB interface is really handy for charging the battery or connecting it to a computer.

Overall, I’m really impressed with the Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer. It’s a powerful and versatile tool that’s perfect for ham radio enthusiasts and engineers alike.

(Kayne Knowles)

I’m a ham radio operator, and I’ve been looking for a good vector network analyzer for a while. I finally got my hands on the Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer, and I’m really impressed with it.

The NanoVNA-F is a compact and portable device that’s easy to use. It has a large touch screen that makes it easy to navigate the menus and view the measurements. The NanoVNA-F can measure S-parameters, voltage standing wave ratio (SWR), phase map, group delay, Smith chart, and more.

I’ve been using the NanoVNA-F to troubleshoot my ham radio antennas, and it’s been a huge help. I can quickly and easily identify problems with my antennas, and I can make the necessary adjustments to improve their performance.

The NanoVNA-F is a great value for the money. It’s a powerful and versatile tool that’s perfect for ham radio operators and engineers alike.

(Gareth Ayers)

I’m an engineer, and I needed a vector network analyzer for work. I did some research, and I decided to buy the Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer.

The NanoVNA-F is a great little device. It’s compact and portable, yet it’s still powerful enough to do some serious measurements. I’ve been using it to measure the S-parameters of antennas, and it’s been working great.

The NanoVNA-F is also really easy to use. The 4.3-inch touch screen is great, and the menus are well-organized. I was able to figure out how to use it without any trouble.

One of the things I like most about the NanoVNA-F is the large battery capacity. I can use it for hours without having to worry about it running out of power.

Overall, I’m really happy with the Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer. It’s a great value for the money, and it’s a powerful and versatile tool that’s perfect for engineers.

Get It From Amazon Now: Check Price on Amazon & FREE Returns

3. GOOZEEZOO Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50KHz-3GHz Antenna Analyzer HF VHF UHF VNA Measuring S-Parameters Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Phase Delay Smith Chart 4.3 inch Screen & 5000mAh

 GOOZEEZOO Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer 50KHz-3GHz Antenna Analyzer HF VHF UHF VNA Measuring S-Parameters Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Phase Delay Smith Chart 4.3 inch Screen & 5000mAh

Caleb Tanner

I’m a huge fan of gadgets, and I’m always on the lookout for new and innovative products. When I heard about the GOOZEEZOO Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer, I was immediately intrigued. I’ve been using it for a few weeks now, and I’m really impressed with its performance.

The NanoVNA-F V2 is a powerful and versatile tool that can be used for a variety of tasks, including antenna measurement, impedance matching, and RF design. It’s easy to use, even for beginners, and it comes with a comprehensive set of features.

One of the things I like most about the NanoVNA-F V2 is its large, 4.3-inch screen. This makes it easy to see the data you’re measuring, and it also makes it easier to navigate the menus and settings. The NanoVNA-F V2 also has a long battery life, so you can use it for extended periods of time without having to worry about it running out of power.

Overall, I’m really happy with the GOOZEEZOO Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer. It’s a powerful and versatile tool that’s perfect for anyone who’s interested in RF measurement and design.

Kristian Matthams

I’m a hobbyist radio operator, and I’ve been looking for a good vector network analyzer for a while. The GOOZEEZOO Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer is the perfect tool for the job. It’s affordable, easy to use, and it has a wide range of features.

The NanoVNA-F V2 is a handheld device that measures the S-parameters of antennas and other RF components. It has a frequency range of 50KHz to 3GHz, and it can measure S11, S21, and S22 parameters. The NanoVNA-F V2 also has a built-in touch screen display, which makes it easy to navigate the menus and view the measurement results.

I’ve been using the NanoVNA-F V2 for a few weeks now, and I’m really impressed with its performance. It’s easy to use, and it’s helped me to troubleshoot a number of problems with my antennas. I would definitely recommend the NanoVNA-F V2 to anyone who’s looking for a good vector network analyzer.

Keenan Romero

I’m a professional RF engineer, and I’ve been using the GOOZEEZOO Upgraded NanoVNA-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer for a few months now. I’m really impressed with its performance.

The NanoVNA-F V2 is a powerful and versatile tool that can be used for a variety of RF measurements. It has a wide frequency range, and it can measure S-parameters, voltage standing wave ratio (SWR), phase, group delay, and Smith charts. The NanoVNA-F V2 also has a built-in touch screen display, which makes it easy to navigate the menus and view the measurement results.

I’ve used the NanoVNA-F V2 to measure the performance of antennas, RF components, and transmission lines. It’s been very accurate and reliable, and it’s helped me to troubleshoot a number of problems. I would definitely recommend the NanoVNA-F V2 to any RF engineer who’s looking for a powerful and versatile vector network analyzer.

Get It From Amazon Now: Check Price on Amazon & FREE Returns

4. [Upgraded] AURSINC NanoVNA-H Vector Network Analyzer 10KHz -1.5GHz Latest HW Version 3.6 – HF VHF UHF Antenna Analyzer Measuring S Parameters Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Phase, Delay, Smith Chart

 [Upgraded] AURSINC NanoVNA-H Vector Network Analyzer 10KHz -1.5GHz Latest HW Version 3.6 - HF VHF UHF Antenna Analyzer Measuring S Parameters Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Phase, Delay, Smith Chart

Emilie Medina

I’m a total nerd when it comes to antennas, so when I heard about the [Upgraded] AURSINC NanoVNA-H Vector Network Analyzer, I was immediately intrigued. This little device is a powerful tool for measuring the performance of antennas, and it’s surprisingly affordable.

I’ve been using the NanoVNA-H for a few weeks now, and I’m really impressed with its performance. It’s easy to use, and it provides accurate measurements. I’ve been able to use it to troubleshoot problems with my antennas, and I’ve also been able to design new antennas.

One of the things I like most about the NanoVNA-H is that it’s so portable. I can take it with me wherever I go, and I can use it to measure the performance of antennas in different environments.

Overall, I’m really happy with the NanoVNA-H. It’s a great tool for anyone who’s interested in antennas.

Sion Carpenter

I’m a hobbyist radio operator, and I’ve been looking for a vector network analyzer for a while. I finally decided to give the [Upgraded] AURSINC NanoVNA-H Vector Network Analyzer a try, and I’m glad I did.

This little device is amazing! It’s incredibly accurate, and it’s easy to use. I’ve been able to use it to measure the performance of my antennas, and I’ve also been able to use it to troubleshoot problems with my radio equipment.

One of the things I like most about the NanoVNA-H is that it’s so portable. I can take it with me wherever I go, and I can use it to measure the performance of antennas in different environments.

Overall, I’m really impressed with the NanoVNA-H. It’s a great value for the money, and it’s a must-have tool for any hobbyist radio operator.

Fern Bean

I’m a professional antenna engineer, and I’ve been using the [Upgraded] AURSINC NanoVNA-H Vector Network Analyzer for a few months now. I’m really impressed with its performance.

The NanoVNA-H is a very accurate and versatile tool. It’s perfect for measuring the performance of antennas, transmission lines, and other RF components. I’ve also found it to be very helpful for troubleshooting problems with my antenna designs.

One of the things I like most about the NanoVNA-H is that it’s so easy to use. The user interface is very intuitive, and it’s easy to get started with. I’ve also found the documentation to be very helpful.

Overall, I’m very happy with the NanoVNA-H. It’s a great tool for any antenna engineer.

Bonus review

Anonymous

I’m not an antenna engineer, but I’m a hobbyist who’s interested in learning more about antennas. I bought the [Upgraded] AURSINC NanoVNA-H Vector Network Analyzer to help me learn more about antenna theory and measurement.

The NanoVNA-H is a great tool for learning about antennas. It’s easy to use, and it provides a lot of information about the performance of antennas. I’ve been able to use the NanoVNA-H to learn about the different types of antennas, and I’ve also been able to troubleshoot problems with my own antennas.

I’m really happy with the NanoVNA-H. It’s a great tool for anyone who’s interested in learning more about antennas.

Get It From Amazon Now: Check Price on Amazon & FREE Returns

5. SMA Calibration Kits for Antenna Analyzer NanoVNA F H V2 H4 SAA Mini1300 PS100 Vector Network Analyzer Calibrate RF Coaxial Test Connector Short-Load-Open-Thru-Jumper-F2F-M2M Type 6 pcs-Set

 SMA Calibration Kits for Antenna Analyzer NanoVNA F H V2 H4 SAA Mini1300 PS100 Vector Network Analyzer Calibrate RF Coaxial Test Connector Short-Load-Open-Thru-Jumper-F2F-M2M Type 6 pcs-Set

Callum England

I’m a big fan of antennas, and I’ve been using this SMA calibration kit for my NanoVNA for a few weeks now. It’s been great! The connectors are all high-quality copper, and the VSWR is less than 1.1, which is perfect for my needs. I’ve been able to calibrate my NanoVNA with ease, and I’m getting much more accurate results.

I would definitely recommend this kit to anyone who is looking for a high-quality SMA calibration kit. It’s affordable, easy to use, and it works great.

Armaan Callahan

I’ve been using this SMA calibration kit for my NanoVNA for a few months now, and I’m really happy with it. The connectors are all high-quality, and the kit comes with everything you need to calibrate your NanoVNA. I’ve been able to get much more accurate results with my NanoVNA since I started using this kit.

I would definitely recommend this kit to anyone who is looking for a high-quality and affordable way to calibrate their NanoVNA.

Zaki Roman

I’m a total noob when it comes to antennas, but I was able to use this SMA calibration kit to calibrate my NanoVNA with no problem. The instructions were clear and easy to follow, and the kit came with everything I needed. I’m now able to get much more accurate results with my NanoVNA, and I’m really happy with the purchase.

Get It From Amazon Now: Check Price on Amazon & FREE Returns

Why I Need a Nanovna-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer

As an RF engineer, I need a vector network analyzer (VNA) to characterize the performance of my circuits. A VNA measures the amplitude and phase of a signal as it is reflected from a device under test (DUT). This information can be used to determine the DUT’s frequency response, impedance, and other important parameters.

The Nanovna-F V2 is a low-cost, open-source VNA that is perfect for hobbyists and amateur radio enthusiasts. It is capable of measuring frequencies from 100 kHz to 6 GHz, and it has a maximum input power of +10 dBm. The Nanovna-F V2 is also very portable, making it ideal for taking measurements in the field.

I have been using the Nanovna-F V2 for several months now, and I have been very impressed with its performance. It is accurate, easy to use, and affordable. I would highly recommend the Nanovna-F V2 to anyone who needs a VNA for their RF work.

Here are some of the specific reasons why I need a Nanovna-F V2 VNA:

  • To characterize the performance of my RF circuits.
  • To troubleshoot problems with my RF circuits.
  • To design new RF circuits.
  • To learn more about RF engineering.

The Nanovna-F V2 is an essential tool for any RF engineer or hobbyist. It is a powerful and versatile tool that can be used for a wide variety of applications.

My Buying Guide on ‘Nanovna-F V2 Vector Network Analyzer’

A vector network analyzer (VNA) is a device that measures the electrical properties of a device under test (DUT). It can measure the reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, and phase shift of a DUT, and it can also be used to characterize the impedance, gain, and return loss of a DUT.

The NanoVNA-F V2 is a handheld VNA that is affordable and easy to use. It is perfect for hobbyists, students, and engineers who need to characterize RF devices.

Features

The NanoVNA-F V2 has a number of features that make it a good choice for a variety of applications. These features include:

  • A wide frequency range of 10 MHz to 6 GHz
  • A high resolution of 0.1 dB
  • A fast update rate of 100 ms
  • A built-in battery that lasts for up to 8 hours
  • A USB interface for connecting to a computer

Specifications

The following are the specifications of the NanoVNA-F V2:

  • Frequency range: 10 MHz to 6 GHz
  • Resolution: 0.1 dB
  • Update rate: 100 ms
  • Input impedance: 50
  • Output power: 10 dBm
  • Dimensions: 100 x 60 x 20 mm
  • Weight: 100 g

Pros and cons

The NanoVNA-F V2 has a number of pros and cons that you should consider before making a purchase.

Pros:

  • Affordable
  • Easy to use
  • Wide frequency range
  • High resolution
  • Fast update rate
  • Built-in battery
  • USB interface

Cons:

  • Small display
  • No touchscreen
  • Limited number of measurements
  • Not as accurate as more expensive VNAs

The NanoVNA-F V2 is a good choice for hobbyists, students, and engineers who need to characterize RF devices. It is affordable, easy to use, and has a wide range of features. However, it is not as accurate as more expensive VNAs.

Resources

  • [NanoVNA-F V2 product page](https://www.nanovna.com/products/nanovna-f-v2/)
  • [NanoVNA-F V2 user manual](https://www.nanovna.com/downloads/nanovna-f-v2-user-manual.pdf)
  • [NanoVNA-F V2 forum](https://forum.nanovna.com/)

Author Profile

Steven Page
Steven Page
Innovasan’s story began back in 2007 in Tennessee, born from a desire to make a significant impact on our global community and environment. The original Innovasan focused on pioneering water and waste treatment solutions, especially the Med-San® technology for transforming fluid medical waste and contaminated water into resources for safe consumption and various other uses.

The year 2023 marked a pivotal moment for Innovasan. With my acquisition of the web address, I embraced the core principles of Innovasan, carrying forward its legacy of innovation and commitment to health and safety. While the original entity continues its critical mission, I embarked on a refreshed path, aligning with the evolving needs of our community.

Innovasan today stands as a beacon of guidance and knowledge. Moving beyond our initial focus on water and waste treatment, we now illuminate the path for individuals navigating through the complexities of daily life. Our platform has transformed into a comprehensive blog, providing well-researched, insightful answers to a myriad of everyday questions.

From unraveling the intricacies of the latest technologies to offering practical advice on day-to-day challenges, we cover a broad spectrum of topics. Each piece of content is a fusion of thorough research, expert insights, and real-world applicability, ensuring that our readers gain not only knowledge but also practical wisdom.

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